Reference

Research peptide guides

Reference material on how peptides are characterised, what a certificate of analysis actually reports, and the rules governing research-use supply. Written to be checkable rather than persuasive.

How to store research peptidesHow lyophilized research peptides are stored, why sealed desiccated powder is stable at ambient temperature, and the three variables that actually degrade material.
Are research peptides legal in the United States?How research-use labeling relates to intended use and product claims, why it is not blanket legal authorization, and what purchasers should verify.
How to read a peptide certificate of analysisWhat a peptide certificate of analysis reports, how to check it against the vial in front of you, and what separates a real COA from a marketing document.
HPLC purity testing for peptidesHow HPLC measures peptide purity, what a percentage of peak area represents, and why the detection wavelength matters as much as the number itself.
What are lyophilized peptides?Lyophilization freeze-dries a peptide into a dry solid. What the process does, why it makes material stable in transit, and what a lyophilized cake should look like.
Purity and net peptide content are not the same measurementPurity and net peptide content measure different things, and conflating them is the most common misreading of a certificate. What each reports and why both matter.
What research use only actually meansResearch use only describes what is being supplied, not a disclaimer. What it commits a supplier to, and how to tell whether it is being taken seriously.
How to evaluate a research peptide supplierNine checks that separate a supplier publishing evidence from one publishing claims, including how to test whether a certificate of analysis is real.
What is a peptide?What a peptide is: amino acids joined by peptide bonds, how peptides differ from proteins, how sequences are written, and how peptides are made and characterised.
Amino acid one-letter and three-letter codesThe one-letter and three-letter codes for all twenty standard amino acids, with each residue's formula, monoisotopic and average mass, and the IUPAC ambiguity codes.
Peptide counterions: TFA, acetate and hydrochloride saltsWhy purified peptides are supplied as TFA or acetate salts, how the counterion affects weight and net peptide content, and how residual TFA is measured.
Monoisotopic mass versus average molecular weightMonoisotopic mass versus average molecular weight for peptides: what each measures, why the tallest mass spectrum peak can differ, and which figure a COA quotes.
How to verify a peptide certificate of analysisHow to check a peptide certificate of analysis is genuine: match the batch, confirm the lab and its accreditation, use its verification portal, and spot red flags.
Peptide impurities: what they are and how they are detectedImpurities in synthetic peptides: deletion and truncated sequences, protecting groups, oxidation, deamidation, water and counterions, and the test for each.
Peptide testing methods and what they establishCompare peptide identity, HPLC purity, net content and contaminant testing. Understand what each result establishes and what the report leaves open.
Peptide manufacturers, suppliers and testing laboratoriesUnderstand the difference between a peptide manufacturer, a stocked-material supplier and a testing laboratory, and the records that support origin claims.
A peptide certificate of analysis worked exampleRead a named BPC-157 laboratory report step by step, separating sample identity, HPLC purity, net peptide content and the limits of certificate verification.

What is not here, and why

These guides cover laboratory research materials, analytical methods and documented handling. We do not provide dosing, administration or reconstitution guidance for human or veterinary use.

Storage and handling of sealed material is a different question, and one we can answer — see how to store research peptides and the per-compound notes under handling.

For laboratory research use only. Not for human or veterinary consumption.